Do We Really Need a Cosmological Constant? :: essays research papers

In 1916, Albert Einstein made up his General Theory of Relativity without thinking of a cosmological constant. The view of that time was that the Universe had to be static. Yet, when he tried to model such an universe, he realized he cannot do it unless either he considers a negative pressure of matter (which is a totally unreasonable hypothesis) or he introduces a term (which he called cosmological constant), acting like a repulsive gravitational force. Some years later however, the Russian physicist Friedmann described a model of an expanding universe in which there was no need for a cosmological constant. The theory was immediately confirmed by Hubble's discovery of galaxies' red shift. Following from that, Hubble established the law that bears his name, according to which every two galaxies are receding from each other with a speed proportional to the distance between them. That is, mathematically: V=H D where H was named Hubble's constant. From this point on, the idea of a cosmological constant was for a time forgotten, and Einstein himself called its introduction "his greatest blunder", mostly because it was later demonstrated that a static Universe would be in an unstable equilibrium and would tend to be anisotropic. In most cosmological models that followed, the expansion showed in the Hubble's law simply reflected the energy remained from the Big Bang, the initial explosion that is supposed to have generated the Universe. It wasn't until relatively recently - 1960's or so, when more accurate astronomical and cosmological measurements could be made - that the constant began to reappear in theories, as a need to compensate the inconsistencies between the mathematical considerations and the experimental observations. I will discuss these discrepancies later. For now, I'll just say that this strange parameter, lambda- as Einstein called it, became again an important factor of the equations trying to describe our universe, a repulsive force to account not against a negative matter pressure, but for too small an expansion rate, as measured from Hubble's law or cosmic microwave background radiation experiments. I will show, in the next section, how all these cosmological parameters are linked together, and that it is sufficient to accurately determine only one of them for the others to be assigned a precise value. Unfortunately, there are many controversies on the values of such constants as the Hubble' cons tant - H, the age of the Universe t, its density , its curvature radius R, and our friend lambda.

Being Wrong Chapter 5

Samantha Merlin October 14, 2012 IGE 120 MWF 11:45-12:50 Reading Response: Being Wrong: Chapter 5 by Kathryn Schultz At the beginning of chapter 5 â€Å"Our Minds, Part Two: Belief† Schultz informs us that Alan Greenspan testifies before congress on October 23, 2008 because of the financial crisis. The chapter then leads on to expand on theâ€Å"Greenspan moments† which is basically when beliefs fail us. Belief in casual conversation is a conscious belief, such as morality, politics, ourselves or others.Philosophers include all unconscious beliefs too, like believing that the sky is dark outside if you're in your bedroom at night with the blinds closed and that the sun won't rise for many more hours and when it does it will do so in the east. Both explicit beliefs like â€Å"everyone hates me† and implicit ones â€Å"the sky is blue† serve as a function of helping me figure out where to sit when I enter a room. Once an implicit assumption is violated, it b ecomes explicit. If I suddenly fall through the floor, my implicit assumptions about the solidity of the floor suddenly appear in my conscious.The beliefs at the acute ends of the implicit and explicit range breaks down most strikingly when they are revealed incorrectly. However, holding a belief can have many outcomes. Belief in overall perspective led to spending $300 million and $30 million per year on LIGO. We have distal beliefs because we need to be able to theorize about some things, but end up theorizing about everything. The theorizing process is quick and automated and doesn't require us to intentionally activate it, so we cant stop theorizing. We tend to mainly notice our theories when they're wrong.Babies as young as seven months are already theorizing about gravity. Alison Gopnik assumed that the theory drive exists particularly esfor early childhood, but functions throughout lives, just like sex drive exists precisely for fertile years, but works before and after. Alth ough we are good at making theories, we are not good at realizing we made them. We have a tendency toward â€Å"Naive realism† which means that our perception matches reality. Anyhow, this can not be true because there are things that we can not perceive like infrared and molecules.All children under the age of four are Naive realists because they believe that we can not believe things that are wrong. The chapters main idea was that if you believe that your beliefs are true, you will assume that those that disagree with you are ignorant of facts, are idiots or evil. Just from reading this chapter I have come to the conclusion that Schulz takes on a heavy topic that most of us don't understand. The broad majority of people either feel they have to be right at all costs, or that being wrong is a personal failure.In reality, being wrong is what helps us grow and understand our world better. It was impossible not to think about politics while reading this, either. Each political party has a hard and fast set of beliefs that define them, and anyone not advocating to those beliefs is wrong and needs to be corrected. Unluckily, even when presented with evidence to the contrary relating to one of their closely-held views, it is nearly impossible for the person to adjust their thinking and admit they were wrong. There's no discussion and consideration of views to come up with a compromise or to learn from others.It's often a duel to the death to be right while proving the other person wrong. In the end, nobody gains from that. In class i'd like to discuss whether people thought that Being Wrong had a great message and can make a difference in someone's life or thought it can't cause any type of dramatic change of perspective. I feel that it can make a person's life more productive and enjoyable. Unfortunately, I have little hope that the average man on the street who is affected by the need to always be right will ever take the time to read and understand the me ssage of this chapter or the whole book in general.

Critically Examine the Claim That Free Will and...

Critically examine the claim that free will and determinism are incompatible One of the main questions that we face is whether or not, we as humans have genuine freedom. Are we free to make our own choices? Do we decide what happens in our lives in the future? Or are our lives set pathways in which we have no say at all? Are all our choices already decided? In other words, do we have free will or are our actions pre-determined, or both? Hard determinists, libertarians and soft determinists all set out to provide answers to these questions, holding different views on whether or not free will and determinism are compatible. Both hard determinists and libertarians believe that free will and determinism are incompatible but hard determinists†¦show more content†¦Many believe that the world is largely determined but we can still act freely as our behaviour is not predictable. Thomas Aquinas disagreed with hard determinism as he believed that ‘man chooses freely, not out of necessity’. Although Aquinas and others that criticise hard determinis m and disagree with the hard determinist views, would still agree with hard determinists in that free will and determinism are incompatible, but would argue that we have free will but our lives are not determined. This view that free will and determinism are incompatible but it is free will that exists, not determinism, is also supported by libertarians. Libertarians believe that we are free and are morally responsible for our actions. They believe that the inanimate world is mechanical and is therefore caused and predictable but reject the idea that this extends to humans. Libertarians hold that we are not compelled to act by forces outside our moral consciousness; moral actions instead come from the character and values of the agent. There are factors which may influence someone to act in one way but it is not certain that they will. C.A. Campbell’s notion of freedom states that when you are acting freely, the future is genuinely open to you and you can actually choose one way or another, even with given nature and nurture. Libertarians do not argue for absolute freedom but significant freedom-that it is aShow MoreRelatedHume s Theory Of Free Will And Moral Responsibility1940 Words   |  8 Pages(Treatise, II.3.2,  ¶1)? Would possessing it suffice for us to have free will? David Hume was a Scottish philosopher who was largely active in the eighteenth century. While Hume is largely remembered as being part of the empiricist movement that comprised of John Locke and George Berkeley, which largely focussed on the belief that knowledge came from our sensory experiences; this essay will focus on Hume’s work regarding the concept of free will and moral responsibility. It will do this by introducingRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesof organization theory. In these chapters we look at the fundamental issues that each of these theories of organization poses. In this spirit we examine the challenges of: †¢ Modernist theories of organization that form the controversial and challenging foundations of organization theory. †¢ The development of neo-modernist theories of organization that claim to ‘put people first’ and then the ways that these theories have been transformed into . xiv Preface ‘new wave’ approaches in whichRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesa new century and millennium. Hecht and Edwards underscore the vital connections between the genesis of and incessant innovations in computer technologies and the development of both nuclear power generators and atomic weaponry, and they also examine the ways that advances in these enmeshed fields of scientific and technological endeavor became emblematic in the cold war decades of national power and prestige, as well as symbols of modernity itself. They go well beyond the usual focus on theRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 PagesStrategy, 9th Edition, Instructor’s Manual and Revang’s (Strategic Management Journal, vol. 19, no. 8, 1998) contrast modern and postmodern approaches. The lenses, then, can be used as a basis (which can be extended by using other perspectives) for critically reflecting on strategy as both subject and practice in organisations. 7.4 To structure the course One way of employing the lenses, probably for more experienced students such as parttime/executive MBAs, is to provide the lenses at the beginningRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesStreet, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Many of the designations by manufacturers and seller to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and the publisher was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed in initial caps or all caps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Whetten, David A. (David Allred) Developing management skills /David A. Whetten, Kim S. Cameron.—8th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical

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Dementia Is Not A Disease But Rather A Group Of Symptoms...

Dementia is not a disease but rather a group of symptoms caused by disorders that affect the brain (National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, n. d). The hallmark of dementia, memory impairment, is accompanied by deficits in language, motor function, recognition, or executive function (Stahl, 2013). The most common forms of dementia are caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (Prince et al., 2013). The risk of dementia increases with age. Dementia is rare below the age of sixty but affects about 17% of those between 80 and 85 years of age, 33% of those between 85 and 90 years old, and 50% of those over 90 years of age (Tom et al., 2015). As the†¦show more content†¦The client scored 18 out of 30 on the Mini-Mental State Exam which suggests moderate dementia. The client displayed tangential speech, restricted affect, disorientation to time and event, and impaired impulse contr ol during the clinical interview. The diagnosis is major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer’s disease (presumptive). Treatment Plan Decision One In decision point one, the choices provided are to initiate (a) rivastigmine 1.5 mg orally twice daily with an increase to 3 mg orally twice daily in two weeks, (b) donepezil 5 mg orally at bedtime, or (c) galantamine 4 mg orally twice daily. All of the medications are cholinesterase inhibitors and are considered first-line pharmacotherapy for AD (Yiannopoulou Papageorgiou, 2012). In randomized controlled trials, rivastigmine, donepezil, and galantamine showed no significant difference in efficacy (Yiannopoulou Papageorgiou, 2012). Donepezil was selected. Once-daily dosing has been shown to have better adherence than twice daily (Ryan et al., 2014). Galantamine and rivastigmine have a higher incidence of gastrointestinal adverse effects than donepezil (Noetzli Eap, 2013; Yiannopoulou Papageorgiou, 2012). The medication, donepezil, was chosen to reduce the client’s behavioral symptoms and slow the progression of neurodegeneration. The client returned to the clinic in four weeks accompanied by his son. The client’s son reports no improvement in theShow MoreRelatedDementia Is The Only Cause Death That Does Not Have A Cure972 Words   |  4 PagesDementia is the only cause of death that does not have a cure and cannot be prevented. It is the loss of mental functions such as thinking, memory, and reasoning that is severe enough to interfere with a person s daily functioning. Dementia is not the name of a specific disease itself, but rather a group of symptoms that are caused by various diseases or conditions. This is referred to as an umbrella term, a phrase that covers a broad interval or set of functions or items that all fall under a singleRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Society1464 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to World Health Organization schizophrenia is listed as the second highest contributor to overall burden of diseases. Schizophrenia is one of the most tragic diseases a human being can be afflicted with. The disorder involves disturbances in perception, thought, behavior, language, emotion and communication. The onset of symptoms begins most commonly in people who fall in the category of late teens to early twenties. In the United States alone one half to two and a half percent of the populationRead MoreDiagnosis And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Dementia1329 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Alzheimer’s Dementia is one form of dementia. It affects over five million people in the U.S. alone (Latest Facts Figures Report, 2014). 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This includes difficulty with problem solving, planning, or goal directed behaviorsRead MoreAlzheimer s Is The Greatest Known Risk Factor For The Individuals Ages919 Words   |  4 Pagesis a degenerative disease of the brain that causes dementia, which is a gradual loss of memory, judgment, and ability to function. It is the most common form of dementia, and may hinder an individual s performance of daily function. Sixty to eighty percent of dementia cases are caused by Alzheimer s. This disease is considered to be the greatest known risk factor for the individuals ages sixty and older. Most of the population affected by the disease with noticeable symptoms are sixty-five andRead MoreA Brief Look at Dementia538 Words   |  2 Pages Dementia is the loss of mental functions such as thinking, memory, and reasoning that is severe enough to interfere with a persons daily functioning. Dementia is not a disease itself, but rather a group of symptoms that are caused by various diseases or conditions. Symptoms can also include changes in personality, mood, and behavior. In some cases, the dementia can be treated and cured because the cause is treatable. Examples of this include dementia caused by substance abuse (illicit drugs andRead MoreTaking a Look at Schizophrenia 1626 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia is one of the most common mental disorders. The World Health Organization (WHO) identifies the disorder as the 7th greatest cause of disability in terms of disability-adjusted life-years worldwide affecting about 24 million people worldwide (Frangou, 2008). Many individuals around the world are affected by this disorder directly and indirectly. This paper looks at Schizophrenia assessing its epidemiology, history, diagnosis, symptoms, causes, and treatment drawing support from relevantRead MoreMental Disorders Among Geriatrics Are One Of The Most Costly Public Health Dilemmas1055 Words   |  5 PagesABSTRACT Mental disorders among geriatrics are one of the most costly public health dilemmas. Depression, suicidal behavior, and Alzheimer’s are just a few common mental illnesses the elderly suffers from. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention the number of older adults with mental illnesses is predicted to incline drastically. The growth of the population, has caused a burden on numerous healthcare facilities in America and many elderly individuals are less likely to seekRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Alzheimer s Disease3618 Words   |  15 PagesDementia is an ever-growing problem for society; with the world population living for longer it is estimated that by 2050 over 115 million people worldwide will suffer from some form of dementia (World Alzheimer’s Report, 2009). Dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease is the condition that stems from Alzheimer’s disease in particular, rather than other conditions such as vascular dementia or fronto-temporal dementia for example. Earl symptoms may include problems generating people’s names orRead MoreEssay on Schizophrenia and its Types1064 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia There are many types of psychotic disorders. Some are worse than others and not everyone suffers the same from all of these. The way someone deals with the disorder depends on their environment mostly and the help they get. Some disorders can be painful, others scary and even threatening not only to the patients life but also to the ones surrounding them. We never really pay enough attention to mental disorders, we have no idea how intense some are and how bad people suffer from

Mcdonalds Marketing Communication Strategy Assignment free essay sample

With television we can bring the associations of the season with our product, which is valuable. We do not use television for direct-response purposes, but want to let the customer know about our product and make them curious. The next time they step into a McDonald’s branch they are aware and curious of the existing of the product and that will result in a higher chance that the customer purchase the ‘Vla’. Furthermore we choose in store marketing because it’s a very effective and cheap way to let McDonald consumers purchase the ‘Vla’. We use it to reinforces the television commercial, because customers already notice the existence of the product, maybe are already benevolent to try the new product. If they see the product on billboards in the store and thereafter are asked proactively to them if they want to try the new product the chance that they will purchase the product will increases substantially. We will write a custom essay sample on Mcdonalds Marketing Communication Strategy Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Now we can speak of a integrated marketing communication mix for our product. Summarize the main features of all the companys products. State what other products your company produces, and describe briefly where the new product fits into your existing product line. To start with, the products of McDonalds are fast food products which have consistent quality, are easy deliverable and consistent across all markets in their taste and their range of products. McDonalds have a broad scale of products. The main food product is the hamburger. They serve it in different variants. Fish burgers, chicken nuggets, salads and fries complement the main products. You can pick menus of these products, which comes with drinks or milkshakes. The Happy meal is worth mentioning, which is the popular menu for the kids. Relatively new for McDonalds are the breakfast products. Then you have the Dessert products, where our product fits perfectly into. If you look at the temporary Desserts of McDonalds we differentiate the McFlurry, Apple pie, Donut, Sundea Ice cream, Chocolate Muffin, Softice and Fresh Fruit. We think our product ‘Vla’ will perfectly fits into the range of Dessert products McDonalds is serving at the moment. It a totally other product then the contemporary Dessert McDonalds serve. But more important: it’s already a popular, traditional Dutch, dessert and serving it in the McDonalds will be valued by the customers in different moods. Like customers who eating a menu and love to finish with the ‘Vla’, customers just walking by and order a ‘Vla’ for on the way and also not to forget: the kids will love the (smaller sized) Vla in their Happy Meal. It’s a healthier alternative then the other contemporary products except the fresh fruit. So parents are also more likable to choose this dessert for their children instead of the other more fat making desserts. SWOT Analyses: Strengths What do you do well? Holiday season associations Bringing a typical Dutch dessert Good quality/price ratio Good products in the McDonald’s strategy of serve worldwide similar products with in addition serve in every country local products that are influenced by the local kitchen. Our product is the local product influenced by the local culture. Weaknesses What are you not so good at? Where might you need to improve? Only holiday season (for the test phase, if it will succeed we will bring more s easonal Vla’s) High cost of marketing with our form of marketing communication, the television commercials. Will we generate enough revenues from the dessert? If we don’t capture the market, we will fail in advance Opportunities Whats coming that might be an opportunity? The timing of our product, in the season of ‘Sinterklaas’ and Chrismas. To convince tourists that they must try the traditional product ‘Vla’ as their Dessert. Make our product ‘the’ traditional product of McDonald’s, which will be a classical McDonald Dessert in the next decennia. Threats Whats coming that might cause you problems? Cannibalize the present Desserts of McDonalds that are available in the Netherlands. Bring a product that is similar with products in supermarkets (Albert Heijn, Dirk van den Broek, C1000 etc).

The Doctrine of God the Father free essay sample

The Doctrine of God the father The essay will focus upon the first person of the trinity, God the Father. There is a presupposition that God is knowable, yet not discoverable by human reason. God is known only by divine revelation and, although the works of creation and Providence reveal the existence of God, the ultimate source of divine revelation is the Word of God. God is best known in Jesus Christ as John 14. 19 which states that he who has seen me has seen the Father that is reveal through the gospels. God has revealed Himself as existing in three distinct persons: the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.God’s revelation of Himself, however, is in no way essential to the accomplishment of His works. According to Warfield (2003) he said that, the elements of the plan of salvation are rooted in the mysterious nature of the Godhead, in which there coexists a trinity distinction of persons with absolute unity of essence; and the revelation of the Trinity was accordingly incidental to the execution of this plan of salvation, in which the Father sent the Son to be the propitiation for sin, and the Son, when He returned to the glory which He had with the Father be fore the world was, sent the Spirit to apply His redemption to men. We will write a custom essay sample on The Doctrine of God the Father or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Using the Word of God as our instructor we will study the doctrine of God the Father under two headings: The Person of God the Father that is the nature of His divine essence and The Work of God the Father that is His operation as He carries out His eternal purpose. Statement on the Trinity from the Second London Confession of 1689 (Chapter 2, article 3) states that, in this divine and infinite Being there are three subsistence, the Father, the Word (or Son), and the Holy Spirit, of one substance, power, and eternity, each having the whole divine essence, yet the essence undivided in which the Father is of none, neither begotten or proceeding; the Son is eternally begotten of the Father, the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and the Son; all infinite, without beginning, therefore but one God, who is not to be divided in nature and being.But distinguished by several peculiar, relative properties and personal relations; which doctrine of the Trinity is the foundation of our entire communion with God, and comfortable dependence on him. The Person and Work of the First Person of the Trinity is pretty much incomprehensible as human language cannot describe it and is limited (Bavinck: 1997). The Person of God the Father is that God is One in Thre e and that is why Christianity is monotheistic.The book of Deuteronomy (6:4) states that â€Å"Hear, O Lord: the Lord our God is one Lord†, which clearly signifies that there is only one God who is, who was and who is to come that every Christians believed in Him. According to 1 Corinthian 8:6, it stated that there is but one God the Father of whom are all things, and we in him, and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we by him. This portrays that we have only one God through him all things were made. The bible testifies that in the beginning was the word, the word was with God and the word was God itself (John 1:1). Romans 3. 30 talks about only one God and there is no other gods. Above all God is supreme. This one God exists as a plurality of personhood – the father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Each of them have a distinct personality from one another and capable of individual action. For example, God the father sent the Son, the Holy Spirit is sent by the Father and the Son, the Son is loved by the Father and the Father loves the Son. Many theories attempting to explain God, and the many arguments for and against his existence, show that human wisdom cannot penetrate the divine power of God (Charnock:1979). God bears all of the qualities of personality that is he is intelligent, rational, moral being in which he is a reasonable being capable of determining his own course of life. Each of the three persons of God is of the same essence and his not inferior to the others in essence. Those attributes that apply to God also apply to each of the persons of the Godhead, which means that they are co eternal and co – equal.